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secular religion
Secular religion is a term that has been used to characterize Communism and other nontheistic communal belief systems.
== Communism as a secular religion ==
In 1936 a Protestant priest referred explicitly to Communism as a new secular religion.〔Gentile, p. 2〕 A couple of years later, on the eve of World War II, F. A. Voigt characterised both Marxism and National Socialism as secular religions, akin at a fundamental level in their authoritarianism and messianic beliefs〔F. A. Voigt, ''Unto Caesar'' (1938) p. 37〕 – as well as in their eschatological view of human History.〔Voigt, p. 17–20, p. 71 and p. 98–9〕 Both, he considered, were waging religious war against the liberal enquiring mind of the European heritage.〔Voigt, p. 203〕
After the war, the social philosopher Raymond Aron would expand on the exploration of communism in terms of a secular religion;〔Aron, Raymond. ''The Opium of the Intellectuals''. London: Secker & Warburg, 1957, pp. 265–294〕 while A. J. P. Taylor, for example, would characterise it as "a great secular religion....the ''Communist Manifesto'' must be counted as a holy book in the same class as the Bible".〔Quoted in Chris Wrigley, ''A. J. P. Taylor'' (2006) p. 229 and 202〕
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